In Ephesians, we can observe a rather significant transformation of the tradition at this point. Blood and flesh are not the enemy. Blood and flesh are under the control of the enemy (2:2, notes). The church must struggle against that enemy, not against the victims of that enemy. Markus Barth misses this point by suggesting that the author’s choice of the rare term palē (struggle) over polemos (war) or machē (fight) reflects pacifist tendencies (1974:764). Most often in ancient literature, palē
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